Development of the Elements of Tugboat Handling for Berthing and Unberthing of Container Ships

Abstract This paper provides a study on the procedure of tugboat handling for berthing and unberthing container ships in Port Surabaya Container Terminal. The elements assistance consisted time series percentage tugboats’ power, direction tug’s force, duration. developed manoeuvring simulation program using mathematical group (MMG) model to determine achieve intended trajectory properly. considered surging swaying yawing moment tugs, as well disturbances current, wind, wave. planning is determined based passages derived from automatic identification system (AIS) data. resulting speed angle complied with Permanent International Association Navigation Congresses (PIANC).